Breastfeeding with Propionic Acidemia or Other Metabolic Disorders

Dr. Greene's Answer

Each meal is a matter of life and death for children with propionic acidemia. Children need protein in order to grow and thrive, but for these children, extra protein may cause acute exacerbations and worsening of their disease.

Here’s the problem: The amount of protein they need to grow is just a little more than the amount their body can handle. Each meal is a delicate balancing act that can make the difference between normal development and long-term disability.

Breastfeeding with Propionic Acidemia

Knowing that your baby has this precarious illness must make the desire to nurse and comfort your baby even stronger. But, as cruel as it seems, even breastmilk can be dangerous, unless it is used in just the right way.

Propionic acidemia is one of what we call the inborn errors of metabolism. The individual metabolic disorders are rare, but taken as a group they are fairly common. I do know women who have nursed successfully with metabolic disorders. Some of the metabolic disorders make nursing difficult but still a great benefit. Others make nursing harmful.

Normally, when we eat protein in our food, our enzymes break the protein down into molecular building blocks. We then reassemble these into the specific protein molecules and other substances our bodies need. Proteins are made up of amino acids.

In propionic acidemia, one little enzyme is missing, but this is enough to change an entire life. Without the enzyme propionyl CoA carboxylase, some common amino acids in protein (isoleucine, valine, threonine, and methionine), are only partially processed and the resulting build-ups cause problems in many systems of the body. One of the intermediate stages, propionic acid, builds up in the bloodstream and also causes problems.

The propionic acid build-up causes poor feeding, vomiting, dehydration, floppiness, and lethargy, which usually show up in the first weeks of life, and can progress rapidly to coma and death. Seizures occur in about 1/3 of babies. Acute worsening of their disease (as exhibited by seizures, weakness, and lethargy) may occur during an infection, constipation, or following a high-protein meal. 

Outcomes

Before it was recognized and treated, propionic acidemia was usually fatal. Now, with earlier diagnoses and treatments, it is possible for children to grow and develop normally. The right treatment is crucial. It greatly improves children’s odds but is not the whole story.

Even within the same family, there can be wide variability of this disease. One boy was first diagnosed at age 5 because of mental retardation; his 13-year-old sister turned out to have the same level of enzyme deficiency but had no symptoms at all!

The cornerstone of treatment is to restrict protein. Other measures can be helpful (supplementing with L-carnitine, supplementing with thiamine, using antibiotics to kill gut bacteria that produce amino acids, using alkaline treatment to decrease acid, treating any constipation immediately, etc), but without restricting protein, none of the other treatments help.

Generally, with the low-protein diet, regular protein must be restricted to 1.0-1.5 g/kg per 24 hours. To get enough protein to grow and thrive, kids can supplement this with specially made proteins without isoleucine, valine, methionine, and threonine. This allows the total protein to be increased to 1.5-2.0 g/kg per 24 hours. The baby needs to be carefully monitored, especially during times of stress or infection, to achieve just the right balance of protein.

Is Breastfeeding with Propionic Acidemia Possible?

I was not aware of anyone who had breastfed successfully with propionic acidemia, so I contacted Iraj Rezani, M.D., the Chief of the Section of Metabolic Disorders at the Temple University Children’s Medical Center and the author of the leading pediatric text on propionic acidemia. He explained that the act of nursing is impossible, even once a day, because the concentration of protein in human milk (1.5%) is just too high — even in small amounts. In those few precious days after a baby is born and before a mom’s milk comes in, the concentration of protein is even higher in the little bit of colostrum that appears. Breastmilk must be pumped, diluted, and carefully measured to be safely used.

In the past few years, researchers at the Istanbul Medical Faculty in Istanbul, Turkey, have studied the possibility of safely breastfeeding children with inborn errors of metabolism. Unfortunately, to date, only one child with propionic acidemia was included in their studies. During three months of breastfeeding, that child had two metabolic emergencies and was quickly switched to a low-protein formula. At this time it is not recommended that babies with propionic acidemia be breastfed due to the risk of acute worsening of their disease. 

Ross Labs (with whom I have no affiliation) has designed a comprehensive line of medical foods designed to meet nutrition needs in people with this and other inborn errors of metabolism (more than 3 dozen in all). I applaud them for addressing the needs of families with these rare conditions. Propimex-1 (which does not contain methionine or valine) is a ready-to-feed formula for infants and toddlers. Propimex-2 is designed for children and adults with propionic acidemia.

What’s on the Horizon?

I am hopeful that, in your baby’s lifetime, gene therapy will be able to replace the missing enzyme. For now, liver transplantation is the most effective way to do this.7 But unless and until your child has the enzyme replaced, the propionic acidemia diet should be followed carefully.

I feel for the poignancy of your situation. Because your baby was diagnosed before birth, I suspect there may have been another baby in your family who died. How hard this time must be for you!

I am a huge fan of nursing, but do not recommend or breastfeeding with propionic academia. I am, however, confident that the love you already feel will surround and caress and comfort and nourish your baby. When people are denied their eyesight, their other senses become more powerful. I observe that when people who want to nurse are denied the opportunity, all of the other ways of bonding give rise to unexpected levels of closeness.

Resources and References

Barshes NR, et al.  Evaluation and management of patients with propionic acidemia undergoing liver transplantation: a comprehensive review. Pediatric Transplant. 2006;10:773–81 

Gokcay G, Baykal T, Gokdemir Y, Demirkol M. Breastfeeding in organic acidemias. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006;29(2-3):304-10.

Lawrence, RM. Given the benefits of breastfeeding, what contraindications exist? Pediatr Clin North Am. Feb 2001 48(1) 235-51.

Pena L, et al. Natural history of propionic acidemia. Mol Genet Metab. 2012; 105(1): 5-9.